News reports of
street violence, perpetrated by those described as ‘callous, mindless thugs’
shock and disturb all decent people. But it was ever thus in Victorian England,
and nowhere more than on the dark, narrow, cobbled streets and dockland haunts
of Liverpool. Violent street gangs had been in existence in the Town since the
mid-19th Century, Some would go on the attack for sectarian or racist reasons’;
some for the purposes of robbery; and others simply for the pleasure they
derived from inflicting brutality and violence on completely innocent people.
Violence was often then as it is now, drink related, report from 1874, listed
1,929 pubs, 384 beer houses, and 272 off-licences, just in the centre of the
Town. Crowds of thugs known as 'Cornermen' would loiter outside the doorways to
pubs, and intimidate passers-by into handing over the price of a pint. If you
did not pay-up, the least you would get was a beating.
On an August
Bank holiday in 1874. Robert Morgan and his wife, Alice, spent the day on a
trip to Birkenhead. Later on that day having enjoyed their outing they caught
the ferry back across the river to the Pier Head. It was about 9pm that night
that the couple met up with Robert’s brother, Samuel, near to the dock road.
The three of them then walked up Tithebarn Street and on their way, dropped
into a pub in Chapel Street for a nightcap.
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| Tithebarn Street 1843 |
When they left
the pub at about 9:30pm, it was still light. They were surrounded by Cornermen.
One, a man called McCrave, asked Robert if he had six pence for a quarter pint.
Perhaps because they were on one of the major seven streets of Liverpool,
Robert, felt safe enough to goad them. He said they wouldn't need to beg if
they had a job? Even less wisely, Robert then turned his back on them.
Robert had only
taken a few steps when one of the Cornerman delivered a punch to the back of
his head. It sent him sprawling across the street. Samuel retaliated. He
knocked one of the assailants down. The gang whistled for back up. Two other
men Campbell and Mullen attacked Samuel and Robert. Robert’s wife was hit in
the ear so hard that she went deaf. When Robert stopped moving, the gang fled
down one of these side streets. Samuel tackled one but then McCrave pulled a
knife. Distracted, and then attacked from behind, Samuel couldn't stop the
gang’s escape. It was said that the police tried to intervene but too late.
Robert bled out on the steps of a warehouse. Samuel returned to find an
onlooker trying to revive Robert with brandy. But it was all too late.
The police took control and PC Adam Green arrived
and escorted Robert to the North Dispensary in Vauxhall Road. The coroner found
his body shockingly cut and bruised. What appeared to be a stab wound was
identified on the left side of his neck. Samuel set off to capture the
assailants.
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| Kirkdale Gaol Liverpool |
McCrave was
arrested that evening and the other perpetrators were in custody within days,
Mullen tried to escape to sea but was caught. The youths, who were all 17, were
sentenced to death but Campbell was reprieved on account of his previous good
behaviour, after petitions to the Home Secretary were made by their families.
McCrave and Mullen were hanged at Kirkdale Gaol on 3rd January 1875.
The story, was
soon labelled the "Tithebarn Street Outrage". After the Tithebarn
Outrage, gang crime topped the political agenda. On the streets it was said
some citizens took to taking Shillelagh (walking sticks that doubled as clubs)
with them.
There where
other street gangs, the Hibernians, Dead Rabbits and Cornermen, The ‘heirs’ of
the Cornermen terrorised everyone from shopkeepers to seamen between 1884 and
1888. The ‘High Rip Gang’. The ‘High Rippers’ weapons of choice were knives.
These, for obvious reasons, they called ‘bleeders’. Extremely violent, their
main targets were lone Dockers and sailors. They sported a uniform of sorts, a
tight fitting jacket and bell bottomed trousers held up by a thick leather
belt. Like their predecessors, they could use their belts to lethal effect. A
quiff of hair would protrude from underneath their muffler caps which were set
at a ‘jaunty’ angle. Their sworn gang rivals were the Logwood Gang but there
were also juvenile gangs such as the Lemon Street Gang. The gang’s new nemesis
was a tough policeman known as ‘Pins’. The myth goes that he picked up a gang
leader by the ankles and swung him around the surrounding gang, knocking them
down like skittles.
His methodology
was blunt:
“I grabs ‘em, I
pins ‘em against the wall and I slaps ‘em a bit.”
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| Blackstone Street - Fulton St |
The murder that
gave the High Rip infamy, 'The Blackstone Street Murder' took place in January
1884. Five young men, aged between 18 and 20, allegedly assaulted two Spanish
seamen shortly before 10pm on a Saturday night. One sailor was able to escape
but the other, Exequiel Rodriguez Nunuiez, was said to have been repeatedly
beaten with belt buckles, kicked and then knifed. One of the men identified as
using a knife was 18 year old Michael M’Lean. One woman identified one
assailant, a Patrick Duggan, as having asked to use her apron to clean his
bloody hands. Another, William Dempsey asked for a brush to wipe the blood off
his trousers. Police Constable 343 Evans, took the sailor in an ambulance to
hospital. He was dead on arrival. The attending doctor said that because of his
death came so quickly after the beating, there were no bruises on his body. He
had died before they could form.
Five men were
arrested and protested their innocence while naming others in the gang as
guilty of the murder. During the arrests and investigation, various blood
stained knives and items of clothing were found. At the trial, it was suggested
the five were acting in self defence against the Spanish sailors. The judge was
very sceptical of this in his summation to the jury. He pointed out that they
each had admitted to taking part in the beating, if not the killing. It took
exactly an hour for the jury to return to find M’Lean and Duggan guilty of
‘wilful murder ‘. Due to the age of the accused, they requested mercy. However,
the Judge assumed the black cap and said they had been found guilty of “a
murder of a very savage character”. He passed a sentence of death.
Duggan was
reprieved and sentenced to ‘penal servitude for life’. M’Lean, aged just 18,
protested his innocence one last Monday morning at Kirkdale Gaol. He was then
hanged. It was not discovered until late in the trial that the Spanish sailor
had had a knife on him. Therefore, his death may have been an accident in a
genuine case of self-defence.
The public
hysteria over gangs may have helped give a death sentence to an 18 year old who
if not an innocent, may have been innocent of the charge of ‘wilful murder’.
Sources
Liverpool
Central Library
Liverpool
Records Office
Liverpool
University
Natiional
Archives
Bob Edwards
